Public governance in the field of geological exploration: international experience and prospects for Kazakhstan

Abstract

The article examines the mechanisms of public governance and financing of geological exploration through the lens of international experience and their applicability in Kazakhstan. Particular attention is paid to the issues of transparency, efficiency in the use of public resources, and the need to establish sustainable institutions for subsoil use regulation. It is demonstrated that government involvement in geological exploration should be aimed at creating information and legal infrastructure, reducing entrepreneurial risks, and establishing favorable conditions for attracting private capital. Based on the analysis of practices in Canada, Australia, Chile, the USA, the EU, and China, recommendations are formulated to improve the system of public governance in geological exploration, including the audit of state programs, the implementation of digital services, and the development of public-private partnership mechanisms.